Iltifāt dalam Balāghah Arab: Genealogi Terminologis dan Model Identifikasi Operasional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60040/jak.v4i2.279Keywords:
balāghah Arab, iltifāt, pergeseran wacana, stilistika Al-Qur’an, terminologi retorisAbstract
Kajian balāghah sering mendefinisikan iltifāt sebagai peralihan antara persona pertama, kedua, dan ketiga, padahal tradisi retorika Arab merekam sejarah yang lebih luas dan tidak stabil secara terminologis. Penelitian ini merekonstruksi genealogi iltifāt serta mengusulkan kriteria operasional untuk membedakan peralihan retoris yang termotivasi dari ketidakteraturan gramatikal, pergantian peserta biasa, atau variasi stilistis. Analisis isi historis-konseptual diterapkan pada korpus yang dipilih secara purposif berupa 20 rekaman dokumenter yang mewakili praktik puitik pra-teknis serta karya ahli nahwu, mufasir, dan ahli balāghah. Data dikodekan menurut kronologi, penamaan, definisi, cakupan linguistik, penempatan disipliner, dan tekanan konseptual. Sebanyak 12 rekaman (60%) menggunakan istilah iltifāt secara eksplisit, sedangkan delapan rekaman (40%) mempertahankan penamaan alternatif atau implisit. Dalam korpus terpilih, dua kerangka konseptual muncul dengan frekuensi yang sama, yaitu deviasi/interupsi dan gerak/reorientasi. Genealogi berkembang melalui tiga fase yang bertumpang tindih, dari pengenalan pra-teknis dan keragaman penamaan menuju sistematisasi konseptual yang semakin jelas. Berdasarkan rekonstruksi tersebut, penelitian ini mengusulkan model lima kriteria: satu konteks wacana, pola awal yang dapat diidentifikasi, unsur pembanding terpilih, kesinambungan referensial atau argumentatif, serta fungsi kontekstual yang dapat dipulihkan. Dengan demikian, iltifāt dapat dikonseptualisasikan sebagai reorientasi wacana yang terkendali; maʿānī menjelaskan kesesuaian konteksnya, sedangkan badīʿ menjelaskan daya semantis, afektif, dan estetisnya. Kriteria yang diusulkan menyediakan kerangka untuk validasi lebih lanjut melalui korpus independen dan pengujian kesepakatan antarpenilai.
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