Polisemi Kata al-Ḥisāb dalam Al-Qur’an: Kajian Semantik Kontekstual

Abstract

A Qur’anic lexical item cannot be interpreted adequately through a single dictionary equivalent when its morphological and syntactic environments vary. This study examines the contextual meanings associated with al-ḥisāb and derivatives of the Arabic root ḥ-s-b in Qur’anic discourse. Using qualitative descriptive research, library-based document analysis, and manual semantic-content interpretation, the study compares selected Qur’anic expressions with Arabic lexicons, exegetical sources, and contemporary lexical-semantic scholarship. The author’s original classification reports 81 distinct verses and 86 semantic assignments distributed across nine contextual categories: supposition, counting/reckoning, recompense, punishment, the Day of Reckoning, absence of numerical limit, accountability, sufficiency, and presentation of the account. The largest category is supposition (46 assignments), predominantly realized in verbal constructions; nominal expressions more frequently develop evaluative and eschatological interpretations. Close readings of ḥasib(a), yawm al-ḥisāb, bi-ghayri ḥisāb, and ḥisāban yasīran show that morphological category, collocation, negation, and exegetical context jointly direct interpretation. Rather than treating the nine categories as unrelated homonyms, the article interprets them as a structured field of lexical and contextual meanings surrounding estimation, reckoning, and evaluation. Nevertheless, the reported numerical inventory should not be equated with all Qur’anic occurrences of the root until a full verse-level concordance is supplied. The article contributes a framework that connects traditional wujūh wa-naẓāʾir with contemporary polysemy analysis and identifies implications for Qur’anic exegesis and translation.